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Much Indian art illustrates religious ideas.

The three main Hindu gods take different forms to show their many qualities. Here Shiva, god of destruction, appears in his loving form beside his wife Parvati.

Much Indian art illustrates the gods and spiritual figures of three major religions that developed in India. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism all teach their stories to the faithful through images.

In all three traditions, believers worship independently rather than gathered as a congregation. Works of art are the focus of their worship. With proper ritual care, some images and structures become a home for the deity itself. The more decoration at a temple or shrine, the more pleased the god honored there will be.

Art also helps worshippers imagine the world beyond the one they know. All three religions teach that the physical world is just an illusion. Studying an image can help one learn truths that cannot be grasped in the world we know. It is this knowledge that is most valuable to a believer, not the work of art itself.

Religious texts provide precise descriptions of how gods and the cosmic world they inhabit should appear. A work of art that does not follow these descriptions accurately cannot serve its purpose.

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1. Each of the three main Hindu gods has its own temples and followers. This sculpture comes from a temple devoted to Vishnu, the god who keeps order in the universe. 2. Buddhism declined in India itself but spread through Southeast Asia. Sculptors there borrowed ideas from Indian sculpture, as in this head from Thailand or Cambodia. 3. Jain artists are best known for illustrations of their holy texts.

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Indian gods and spiritual figures look human, but special features show they are divine.

For Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, the gods look human. Take the Hindu god Shiva pictured at left, for example. He dances in a pose from classical Indian dance traditions. He wears the earrings, necklaces, and bracelets of an Indian prince. The “sacred thread,” a cord worn by upper class Hindus, crosses his chest.

But what about that extra pair of arms? One way of showing that gods have powers and responsibilities humans do not have is to give them many arms. Each hand holds a symbol of the god’s unique qualities, or forms a gesture with a special meaning.

Some spiritual figures were actual people. The founders of both Buddhism and Jainism began their lives as princes in the sixth century B.C. They rejected the luxury of their royal lives and taught their followers a simpler life. Both are shown with long ear lobes, stretched from wearing heavy earrings when they were princes. A lump on top of their heads shows their divine wisdom.

The purity of gods and spiritual figures can be seen in their bodies. Unlike humans, the bodies of the divine do not contain muscle and bone. They are instead filled with prana, or the “breath of life,” which makes their skin appear somewhat puffy.

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1. A Hindu would know that this four-armed god is Vishnu because of the objects he holds in his hands: a club, a sun disk, a conch shell, and a lotus. Like Shiva above, he wears the jewelry and “sacred thread” of an Indian prince. 2. The Buddha appears in art with specific physical traits, like long dangling earlobes and a lump on his head. 3. This purity of this Jain holy man can be seen in his body. He seems filled with air rather than muscles and bone, like many spiritual figures in Indian art.

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Clothing and jewelry show status and honor.

Clothing and jewelry have long shown status in Indian society. Little remains from long ago, but fashions can be observed in art. Although most Indian art from that time depicts gods or spiritual figures, the gods wear the finest styles worn by Indian royalty.

The rejection of fancy clothing and jewelry could be symbolic as well. The princes who founded Buddhism and Jainism gave away all they owned, including their clothes. With that act, they left the concerns of the physical world behind them.

Around 1500 a new style of art took hold in India. Muslim rulers from Central Asia introduced a style of miniature painting popular in Persian courts. Islam discourages pictures of people or animals in a religious setting. At court, however, royalty enjoyed miniature paintings showing a variety of scenes from real life. Like the portrait of a man and his sons at left, these pictures are a good record of the styles of the time.

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1. This illustration from a Jain manuscript shows Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, giving away all his possessions. 2. A Hindu priest might wear a necklace like this one during special ceremonies. Temples often have large collections of jewels, gifts from wealthy patrons. 3. Indian textiles have been famous since ancient times. Different regions of India are known for different styles.

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Lively colors and textures suggest the abundance of nature.

India’s climate is varied. Life is different in the tropical lowlands than on the dry plains or in the Himalayan foothills. But plentiful fruits, flowers, animals, and birds have been a sign of health and good fortune across India since ancient times.

Indian art commonly captures a feeling of nature’s bounty. Even stone sculptures are full of details. Many of them, now the gray of plain stone, would have been painted bright colors. Seen in a temple or shrine, the sculptures would be draped with dazzling fabrics. Cloth hangings, like the one shown here, would brighten doorways and walls.

The gods are responsible for the generosity of nature. In return, the faithful leave plentiful offerings of each god’s favorite foods at their temples. These offerings are an important part of worship for Hindus and Jains. In a way, the lively colors and textures of the art in a temple are like offerings for the eyes.

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1. The blue-skinned god Krisha receives offerings from his followers in a lush landscape. (Click on the image for a larger view.) 2. Every inch of this stone arch has carvings that almost seem to pulse with life. 3. Goddesses play an important role in Hindu beliefs. They usually have large breasts and a small waist, a reminder of the fertility of the earth.

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Sculpture was built into the walls of temples and shrines.

Many of the Indian sculptures on display in the museum were meant to be seen in a very different context. In the museum a sculpture sits on a plain base under a spotlight, in front of a plain wall. But most large stone sculptures were originally built into the outside walls of a temple or shrine.

In both Buddhism and Hinduism, ordinary people worship by walking around the outside of the temple or shrine. The sculptures they pass as they walk remind them of the stories and beliefs of their faith. The same images often appear many times. The more times an image is seen, the closer a worshipper comes to understanding its message.

For Hindus, a god dwells in a temple like a spirit in a body. Decoration on the walls of the temple is like jewelry adorning the body. If a god or goddess is not pleased with a temple, he or she will not inhabit it.

Smaller sculptures, often made of bronze, were used in other ways. In Hinduism, only priests can enter the inner temple where the most important images of the gods are kept. On holidays, they carry small bronze sculptures on poles outside the temple so all can see them. Most homes have shrines for honoring a favorite deity as well.

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1. This 19th century photograph of a temple to Vishnu shows how sculptures can be part of the temple itself. 2. Like the temple this carved arch came from, the miniature temple shown here features a seated Vishnu surrounded by other Hindu deities. 3. This bronze Shiva would have been carried outside the temple in ceremonial processions.

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